| Реферат: | eng: Ud volcanism results from natural degassing of buried sediments impregnated with organic matter whereby light gaseous hydrocarbons vent into air together with erupting water, mud, rock clasts, and occasionally oil. A universal definition of mud volcanism in terms of the buoyancy force was suggested by Kopf (2002), who interpreted it as buoyant rise of fluidized disintegrated sediments. Provinces of mud volcanism abound in flows of gas (mostly methane) with different flow rates. Gas seeps out slowly, but sometimes water- and gas-rich mud bursts to the surface to erupt in different ways, either as smooth mud flows or as explosions that erase the volcanic cones. Mud volcanoes are localized mainly in areas of past or present oil and gas generation (Kholodov, 2002; Kopf, 2002), such as, for instance, the Caspian petroleum province. Geological surveys in large mud-volcanic fields worldwide performed in the first half of the 20th century led to oil discoveries. Since the 1970s, when shelf oil development became technologically feasible, the studies of mud volcanism have shifted more to submarine provinces. Then mud volcanoes were found in the Black, Mediterranean, North, Barents, and Caribbean seas, in the gulfs of Mexico and Bengal, in the western Atlantic ocean, etc. Today more than 1800 onshore and submarine mud volcanoes are known, which are grouped in several large provinces in mobile belts, on continental rises and shelves, especially within the Alpine-Himalayan and Pacific belts. A few mud-volcanic fields exist among salt diapirs or in areas of extremely rapid sedimentation (such as sea-shelf levee deltas of large rivers).
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