| Цитирование: | 1. Krymsky G F 1977 A regular mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles on the front of a shock wave Sov. Phys. - Dokl. 22 327
2. Axford W I, Lee E and Skadron G 1977 The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves 15th Proc. Int. Conf. Cosmic Rays vol 11 p 132
3. Bell A R 1978 The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts. I Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 182 147
4. Blandford R D and Ostriker J P 1978 Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks Astrophys. J. 221 L29
5. Drury L O'C 1983 An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas Rep. Prog. Phys. 46 973
6. Berezhko E and Ellison D C 1999 A simple model of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration Astrophys. J. 526 385
7. McKenzie J F and Voelk H J 1982 Nonlinear theory of cosmic-ray shocks including self-generated Alfven waves Astron. Astrophys. 116 191
8. Ptuskin V S, Zirakashvili V N and Seo E S 2010 Spectrum of galactic cosmic rays accelerated in supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 718 31
9. Vink J 2012 Supernova remnants: the x-ray perspective Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 20 49
10. Uchiyama Y et al 2007 Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant Nature 449 576
11. Eriksen K A et al 2011 Evidence for particle acceleration to the knee of the cosmic ray spectrum in tycho's supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 728 L28
12. Ensslin T A, Biermann P L, Klein U and Kohle S 1998 Cluster radio relics as a tracer of shock waves of the large-scale structure formation Astron. Astrophys. 332 395
13. Miniati F, Ryu D, Kang H and Jones T W 2001 Cosmic-ray electrons in groups and clusters of galaxies: primary and secondary populations from a numerical cosmological simulation Astrophys. J. 562 233
14. Li Z and Waxman E 2006 The upstream magnetic field of collisionless GRB shocks Astrophys. J. 651 328
15. Li Z and Zhao X-H 2011 The upstream magnetic field of collisionless GRB shocks: constraint by Fermi-LAT observations J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP05(2011) 008
16. Lucek S G and Bell A R 2000 Non-linear amplification of a magnetic field driven by cosmic ray streaming Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 314 65
17. Bell A R and Lucek S G 2001 Cosmic ray acceleration to very high energy through the non-linear amplification by cosmic rays of the seed magnetic field Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 321 433
18. Schure K, Bell A R, Drury L O and Bykov A 2012 Diffusive shock acceleration and magnetic field amplification Space Sci. Rev. 173 491
19. Bykov A, Ellison D C and Renaud M 2012 Magnetic fields in cosmic particle acceleration sources Space Sci. Rev. 166 171
20. Skilling J 1975 Cosmic ray streaming. III - self-consistent solutions Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 173 255
21. Bell A R 2004 Turbulent amplification of magnetic field and diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 353 550
22. Drury L O and Falle S A E G 1986 On the stability of shocks modified by particle acceleration Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 223 353
23. Kang H, Jones T W and Ryu D 1992 Acoustic instability in cosmic ray mediated shocks Astrophys. J. 385 197
24. Malkov M and Diamond P 2009 Nonlinear dynamics of acoustic instability in a cosmic ray shock precursor and its impact on particle acceleration Astrophys. J. 692 1571
25. Blasi P, Gabici S and Vannoni G 2005 On the role of injection in kinetic approaches to non-linear particle acceleration at non-relativistic shock waves Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 361 907
26. Riquelme M and Spitkovsky A 2010 Magnetic amplification by magnetized cosmic rays in supernova remnant shocks Astrophys. J. 717 1054
27. Sironi L and Spitkovsky A 2011 Particle acceleration in relativistic magnetized collisionless electron-ion shocks Astrophys. J. 726 75
28. Caprioli D and Spitkovsky A 2014 Simulations of ion acceleration at non-relativistic shocks. I. Acceleration efficiency Astrophys. J. 783 91
29. Treumann R A 2009 Fundamentals of collisionless shocks for astrophysical application, 1. Non-relativistic shocks Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 17 409
30. Begelman M and Kirk J G 1990 Shock-drift particle acceleration in superluminal shocks: a model for hot spots in extragalactic radio sources Astrophys. J. 353 66
31. Kirk J G 1994 Saas-Fee Advanced Course 24. Lecture Notes. Swiss Society for Astrophysics and Astronomy (Berlin: Springer)
32. Auer P L, Hurwitz H and Kilb R W 1962 Collision-free plasma. II. Development of a thermalized plasma Phys. Fluids 5 298-316
33. Forslund D W, Quest K B, Brackbill J U and Lee K 1984 Collisionless dissipation in quasi-perpendicular shocks J. Geophys. Res. 89 2142-50
34. Bell A R 1978 The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock front: II Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 182 443
35. Decker R B and Vlahos L 1985 Shock drift acceleration in the presence of waves J. Geophys. Res. 90 47
36. Chalov S V 2001 Shock drift acceleration of pickup protons at corotating interaction regions J. Geophys. Res. 106 18667
37. Caprioli D, Pop A-R and Spitkovsky A 2015 Simulations and theory of ion injection at non-relativistic collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 798 L28
38. Sagdeev R Z 1966 Cooperative phenomena and shock waves in collisionless plasmas Rev. Plasma Phys. 4 23
39. Katsouleas T and Dawson J M 1983 Unlimited electron acceleration in laser-driven plasma waves Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 392
40. Zank G P, Pauls H L, Cairns I H and Webb G M 1996 Interstellar pickup ions and quasi-perpendicular shocks: Implications for the termination shock and interplanetary shocks J. Geophys. Res. 101 457
41. Lee M A, Shapiro V D and Sagdeev R Z 1996 Pickup ion energization by shock surfing J. Geophys. Res. 101 4777
42. Kennel C F and Coroniti F V 1984 Confinement of the Crab pulsar's wind by its supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 283 694
43. Lembège B, Ma Y and Deng X 2010 Collision of Two Supercritical Quasi-Perpendicular Nonstationary Collisionless Shocks: Full Particle Simulations, 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU (San Francisco,)
44. Leroy M M, Goodrich C C, Winske D, Wu C S and Papadopoulos K 1981 Simulation of a perpendicular shock Geophys. Res. Lett. 12 1269
45. Leroy M M, Goodrich C C, Winske D, Wu C S and Papadopoulos K 1983 Structure of perpendicular shocks in collisionless plasma Phys. Fluids 26 9
46. Lembège B and Dawson J M 1987 Self-consistent study of a perpendicular collisionless and non resistive shock, Phys. Fluids. 30 1767
47. Morse D L, Destler W W and Auer P L 1972 Nonstationary behavior of collisionless shocks Phys. Rev. Lett. 28 13
48. Walker S N and Balikhin M A 1999 Ramp nonstationarity and the generation of whistler waves upstream of a strong quasi-perpendicular shock Geophys. Res. Lett. 26 1357
49. Horbury T S et al 2002 Four spacecraft measurements of the quasi-perpendicular terrestrial bow shock: orientation and motion, J. Geophys. Res. 107 1208
50. Lobzin V V, Krasnoselskikh V V, Musatenko K and Dudok de Witt T 2008 On nonstationarity and rippling of the quasi perpendicular zone of the earth bow shock: cluster observations Ann. Geophys. 26 2899
51. Mazelle C et al 2010 Self-reformation of the quasi-perpendicular shock: cluster observations 12th Int. Solar Wind Conf., AIP Conf. Proc. vol 1216 p 471
52. Burlaga L F et al 2008 Magnetic fields at the solar wind termination shock Nature 454 75
53. Lembège B et al 2003 Selected Problems in Collisionless-Shock Physics Space Sci. Rev. 110 161
54. Biskamp D and Welter H 1972 Structure of the Earth's bow shock J. Geophys. Res. 77 6052
55. Lembège B and Savoini P 1992 Nonstationarity of a two-dimensional quasi perpendicular supercritical collisionless shock by self-reformation Phys. Fluids. B 4 3533
56. Hada T M, Oonishi M, Lembège B and Savoini P 2003 Shock front nonstationarity of supercritical perpendicular shocks J. Geophys. Res. 108 1223
57. Chapman S C, Lee R E and Dendy R O 2005 Perpendicular shock reformation and ion acceleration Space Sci. Rev. 121 5
58. Scholer M and Matsukiyo S 2004 Nonstationarity of quasi-perpendicular shocks: a comparison of full particle simulations with different ion to electron mass ratio Ann. Geophys. 22 2345
59. Lembège B and Savoini P 2002 Formation of reflected electron bursts by the non stationarity and non uniformity of a collisionless shock front J. Geophys. Res. A 107 1037
60. Hellinger P, Travnicek P and Matsumoto H 2002 Reformation of perpendicular shocks: hybrid simulations J. Geophys. Res. 29 2234
61. Hellinger P, Travnicek P, Lembège B and Savoini P 2007 Emission of nonlinear whistler waves at the front of perpendicular supercritical shocks: hybrid versus full particle simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 L14109
62. Forslund D W, Quest K B, Brackbill J U and Lee K 1984 Collisionless dissipation in quasi-perpendicular shocks J. Geophys. Res. 89 2142
63. Lembège B, Savoini P, Hellinger P and Travnicek P 2009 Nonstationarity of a two-dimensional perpendicular shock: Competing mechanisms J. Geophys. Res. 114 03217
64. Shinohara I, Fujimoto M, Takaki R and Inari T 2011 A three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation of quasi-perpendicular shock on Fujitsu FX1 cluster IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. 39 1173
65. Wu C S et al 1984 Microinstabilities associated with a high Mach number, perpendicular bow shock Space Sci. Rev. 37 63
66. Lembège B 1990 Numerical simulation of collisionless shocks Physical Processes in Hot Cosmic Plasmas vol 81 ed W Brinckmann et al (Dordrecht: Kluwer)
67. Weibel E S 1959 Spontaneously growing transverse waves in a plasma due to an anisotropic velocity distribution Phys. Rev. Lett. 2 83
68. Kalman G, Montes C and Quémada D 1968 Anisotropic temperature plasma instabilities Phys. Fluids 11 1797
69. Davidson R C et al 1972 Nonlinear development of electromagnetic instabilities in anisotropic plasmas Phys. Fluids 15 317
70. Bohm D and Gross E P 1949 Theory of plasma oscillations. A. Origin of medium-like behavior Phys. Rev. 75 1851
71. Fried B D 1959 Mechanism for instability of transverse plasma waves Phys. Fluids 2 337
72. Watson K M, Bludman S A and Rosenbluth M N 1960 Statistical mechanics of relativistic streams Phys. Fluids 3 741
73. Bret A, Firpo M-C and Deutsch C 2004 Collective electromagnetic modes for beam-plasma interaction in the whole k space Phys. Rev. E 70 46401
74. Bret A, Gremillet L and Dieckmann M E 2010 Multidimensional electron beam-plasma instabilities in the relativistic regime Phys. Plasmas 17 120501
75. Medvedev M V and Loeb A 1999 Generation of magnetic fields in the relativistic shock of gamma ray burst sources Astrophys. J. 526 697
76. Nakar E, Bret A and Milosavljevic M 2011 Two-stream-like instability in dilute hot relativistic beams and astrophysical relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. 738 93
77. Schlickeiser R and Shukla P K 2003 Cosmological magnetic field generation by the weibel instability Astrophys. J. 599 L57
78. Lowe R E and Burgess D 2003 The properties and causes of rippling in quasi-perpendicular collisionless shock fronts Ann. Geophys. 21 671
79. Moullard O, Burgess D, Horbury T S and Lucek E A 2006 Ripples observed on the surface of the Earth's quasi-perpendicular bow shock J. Geophys. Res. 111 09113
80. McBride J B et al 1972 Theory and simulation of turbulent heating by the modified two-stream instability Phys. Fluids 15 2367
81. Muschietti L and Lembège B 2013 Microturbulence in the electron cyclotron frequency range at perpendicular supercritical shocks J. Geophys. Res. 118 2267
82. Harris E 1959 Unstable plasma oscillations in a magnetic field Phys. Rev. Lett. 2 34
83. Buneman O 1959 Dissipation of currents in ionized media Phys. Rev. 115 503
84. Savoini P and Lembège B 2001 Two-dimensional simulations of a curved shock: self-consistent formation of the electron foreshock J. Geophys. Res. 106 12975
85. Savoini P, Lembège B and Stienlet J 2013 On the origin of the quasi-perpendicular ion foreshock: full particle simulations, J. Geophys. Res. 118 1132
86. Paschmann G, Sckopke N and Asbridge J 1980 Energization of solar wind ions by reflection from the Earth's bow shock J. Geophys. Res. A 85 4689
87. Tsurutani B T and Rodriguez P 1981 Upstream waves and particles - an overview of ISEE results J. Geophys. Res. 86 4317
88. Maruca B A, Kasper J C and Bale S D 2011 What Are the Relative Roles of Heating and Cooling in Generating Solar Wind Temperature Anisotropies? Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 201101
89. Schlickeiser R et al 2011 Modified temperature-anisotropy instability thresholds in the solar wind Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 201102
90. Winske D and Quest K B 1988 Magnetic field and density fluctuations at perpendicular supercritical collisionless shocks J. Geophys. Res. 93 9681
91. Muschietti L and Lembège B 2006 Electron cyclotron micro instability in the foot of a perpendicular shock: a self-consistent PIC simulation Adv. Space Res. 37 483
92. Lee M A 1983 Coupled hydromagnetic wave excitation and ion acceleration at interplanetary traveling shocks J. Geophys. Res. 88 6109
93. Blandford R D and Eichler D 1987 Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: a theory of cosmic ray origin Phys. Rep. 154 L1
94. Webb G M, Zank G P, Ko M and Donohue D J 1995 Multidimensional Green's functions and the statistics of diffusive shock acceleration Astrophys. J. 453 178
95. Hudson P D 1965 Reflection of charged particles by plasma shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 131 23
96. Webb G M, Axford W I and Terasawa T 1983 On the drift mechanism for energetic charged particles at shocks Astrophys. J. 270 537
97. Decker R B 1988 Computer modeling of test particle acceleration at oblique shocks Space Sci. Rev. 48 195-262
98. Lee M A 1999 The injection, acceleration, and dynamical influence of interstellar pickup ions at the solar wind termination shock Astrophys. Space. Sci. 264 497
99. Shapiro V D and Üçer D 2003 Shock surfing acceleration Planet Space Sci. 51 665
100. Lever E L, Quest K B and Shapiro V D 2001 Shock surfing versus shock drift acceleration Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 1367
101. Yang Z W, Lu Q M, Lembège B and Wang S 2009 Shock front nonstationarity and ion acceleration in supercritical perpendicular shocks J. Geophys. Res. 114 03111
102. Yang Z W, Lu Q M and Wang S 2009 The evolution of the eletric field at a nonstationary perpendicular shock Phys. Plasmas 16 124502
103. Yang Z W, Lembège B and Lu Q M 2011 Impact of the nonstationarity of a supercritical perpendicular collisionless shock on the dynamics and energy spectra of pickup ions J. Geophys. Res. 116 08216
104. Yang Z W, Lembège B and Lu Q M 2011 Acceleration of heavy ions by perpendicular collisionless shocks: impact of the shock front non-stationarity J. Geophys. Res. 116 10202
105. Decker R B 1990 Particle acceleration at shocks with surface ripples J. Geophys. Res. 95 11993
106. Yang Z W, Lembège B and Lu Q M 2012 Impact of the rippling of a perpendicular shock front on ion dynamics J. Geophys. Res. 117 07222
107. Savoini P, Lembège B, Krasnosselskhik V and Kuramitsu Y 2005 Under and over-adiabatic electrons through a perpendicular collisionless shock: theory versus simulations Ann. Geophys. 23 3685
108. Savoini P and Lembège B 2010 Non adiabatic electron behavior through a supercritical perpendicular collisionless shock: impact of the shock front turbulence J. Geophys. Res. 115 11103
109. Hoshino M and Shimada N 2002 Nonthermal electrons at high Mach number shocks: electron shock surfing acceleration Astrophys. J. 572 880
110. Leroy M. M and Mangeney A 1984 A theory of energization of solar wind electrons by the Earth's bow shock Ann. Geophys. 2 449
111. Lembège B and Dawson J. M 1987 Plasma heating through a supercritical oblique collisionless shock Phys. Fluids 30 1110
112. Ellison D C, Moebius E and Paschmann G 1990 Particle injection and acceleration at earth's bow shock - comparison of upstream and downstream events Astrophys. J. 352 376
113. Jones F C and Ellison D C 1991 The plasma physics of shock acceleration Space Sci. Rev. 58 259
114. Malkov M A and Drury L O 2001 Nonlinear theory of diffusive acceleration of particles by shock waves Rep. Prog. Physics 64 429
115. Bykov A M, Dolag K and Durret F 2008 Cosmological shock waves Space Sci. Rev. 134 119
116. Helder E A et al 2009 Measuring the cosmic-ray acceleration efficiency of a supernova remnant Science 325 719
117. Croston J H et al 2009 High-energy particle acceleration at the radio-lobe shock of Centaurus A Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395 1999
118. Shklovskii I S 1953 Dokl. Akad. Naut. SSSR 91 475
119. Reynolds S J 2008 Supernova remnants at high energy Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 46 89
120. Dubner G 2011 Radio observations of supernova remnants and the surrounding molecular gas Mem. SAI 82 697
121. Chevalier R 1982 Self-similar solutions for the interaction of stellar ejecta with an external medium Astrophys. J. 258 790
122. Decourchelle A 2004 Observations of supernova remnants 35th COSPAR Scientific Assembly p 3795
123. Ginzburg V L and Syrovatskii S I 1964 The Origin of Cosmic Rays (New York: Macmillan)
124. Chevalier R A 1977 Magnetic field amplification in interstellar collisionless shock waves Nature 266 701
125. Cowsik R and Sarkar S 1980 A lower limit to the magnetic field in Cassiopeia-A Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 191 855
126. van der Laan H 1962 Expanding supernova remnants and galactic radio sources Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 124 125
127. Jun B-I and Norman M L 1996 On the origin of radial magnetic fields in Young supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 472 245
128. Schure K N, Achterberg A, Keppens R and Vink J 2010 Time-dependent particle acceleration in supernova remnants in different environments Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 406 2633
129. Zirakashvili V N and Ptuskin V S 2008 Diffusive shock acceleration with magnetic amplification by nonresonant streaming instability in supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 678 939
130. Achterberg A, Blandford R D and Reynolds S P 1994 Evidence for enhanced MHD turbulence outside sharp-rimmed supernova remnants Astron. Astrophys. 281 220
131. Beswick R 2006 Proc. of the 8th European VLBI Network Symp. p 51
132. Bartel N et al 2002 SN 1993J VLBI. II. Related changes of the deceleration, flux density decay, and spectrum Astrophys. J. 581 404
133. Minkowski R 1959 IAU Symp. vol 9 p 315
134. Chevalier R A and Raymond J C 1978 Optical emission from a fast shock wave: the ramnants of Tycho's supernova and SN 1006 Astrophys. J. 225 L27
135. Chevalier R A, Kirshner R P and Raymond J C 1980 The optical emission from a fast shock wave with application to supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 235 186
136. Heng K 2010 Balmer-dominated shocks: a concise review Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 27 23
137. Heng K and McCray R 2007 Balmer-dominated shocks revisited Astrophys. J. 654 923
138. van Adelsberg M, Heng K, McCray R and Raymond J C 2008 Spatial structure and collisionless electron heating in Balmer-dominated shocks JCAP689(2008) 1089
139. Smith R C, Raymond J C and Laming J M 1994 High-resolution spectroscopy of Balmer-dominated shocks in the large magellanic cloud Astrophys. J. 420 643
140. Hester J J, Raymond J C and Blair W P 1994 The Balmer-dominated northeast limb of the Cygnus loop supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 470 721
141. Lim A J and Raga A C 1996 A distribution function calculation of the Hα profiles of high-velocity shocks - II. The broad component neutral precursor Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 280 103
142. Blasi P, Morlino G, Bandiera R, Amato E and Caprioli D 2010 Collisionless shocks in a partially ionized medium. I. Neutral return flux and its effects on acceleration of test particles Astrophys. J. 755 121
143. Morlino G, Bandiera R, Blasi P and Amato E 2012 Collisionless shocks in a partially ionized medium. II. Balmer emission Astrophys. J. 760 137
144. Wagner A Y, Lee J-J, Raymond J C, Hartquist T W and Falle S A E G 2008 A cosmic-ray precursor model for a Balmer-dominated shock in Tycho's supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 690 1412
145. Raymond J C, Vink J, Helder E A and de Laat A 2011 Effects of neutral hydrogen on cosmic-ray precursors in supernova remnant shock waves Astrophys. J. Lett. 731 L14
146. Morlino G, Blasi P, Bandiera R, Amato E and Caprioli D 2013 Collisionless shocks in a partially ionized medium: III. Efficient cosmic ray acceleration Astrophys. J. 768 148
147. Helder E A et al 2013 Chandra observations of SN 1987A: the soft x-ray light curve revisited Astrophys. J. 764 11
148. Morlino G, Blasi P, Bandiera R and Amato E 2014 Cosmic ray acceleration and Balmer emission from RCW 86 (G315.4-2.3) Astron. Astrophys. 562 141
149. Helder E A, Kosenko D and Vink J 2010 Cosmic-ray acceleration efficiency versus temperature equilibration: the case of SNR 0509-67.5 Astrophys. J. 719 L140
150. Morlino G, Blasi P, Bandiera R and Amato E 2013 Cosmic ray acceleration and Balmer emission from SNR 0509-67.5 Astron. Astrophys. 557 142
151. Rakowsky C. E 2005 Electron ion temperature equilibration at collisionless shocks in supernova remnants Adv. Space Res. 35 1017
152. Nikolić S et al 2013 An integral view of fast shocks around supernova 1006 Science 340 45
153. Lee J-J et al 2010 Resolved shock structure of the Balmer-dominated filaments in tycho's supernova remnant: cosmic-ray precursor? Astrophys. J. 715 L146
154. Reynolds S P and Chevalier R A 1981 Nonthermal radiation from supernova remnants in the adiabatic stage of evolution Astrophys. J. 245 912
155. Koyama K et al 1995 Evidence for shock acceleration of high-energy electrons in the supernova remnant SN1006 Nature 378 255
156. Acero F et al 2010 First detection of VHE γ-rays from SN 1006 by HESS Astron. Astrophys. 516 62
157. Vink J and Laming J. M 2003 On the magnetic fields and particle acceleration in cassiopeia A Astrophys. J. 584 758
158. Bamba A et al 2005 A spatial and spectral study of nonthermal filaments in historical supernova remnants: observational results with chandra Astrophys. J. 621 793
159. Helder E A et al 2012 Observational signatures of particle acceleration in supernova remnants Space Sci. Rev. 173 369
160. Cassam-Chenaí G, Hughes J P, Ballet J and Decourchelle A 2007 The blast wave of tycho's supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 665 315
161. Cassam-Chenaí G et al 2008 Morphological evidence for azimuthal variations of the cosmic-ray ion acceleration at the blast wave of SN 1006 Astrophys. J. 680 1180
162. Pohl M, Yan H and Lazarian A 2005 Magnetically limited x-ray filaments in Young supernova remnants Astrophys. J. Lett. 626 L101
163. Berezhko E G, Ksenofontov L T and Völk H J 2003 Confirmation of strong magnetic field amplification and nuclear cosmic ray acceleration in SN 1006 Astron. Astrophys. 412 L11
164. Völk H J, Berezhko E G and Ksenofontov L T 2005 Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants Astron. Astrophys. 433 229
165. Parizot E, Marcowith A, Ballet J and Gallant Y A 2006 Observational constraints on energetic particle diffusion in young supernovae remnants: amplified magnetic field and maximum energy Astron. Astrophys. 453 387
166. Vladimirov A, Ellison D C and Bykov A 2006 Nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration with magnetic field amplification Astrophys. J. 652 1246
167. Pelletier G, Lemoine M and Marcowith A 2006 Turbulence and particle acceleration in collisionless supernovae remnant shocks. I. Anisotropic spectra solutions Astron. Astrophys. 453 181
168. Bykov A M, Brandenburg A, Malkov M. A and Osipov S M 2013 Microphysics of cosmic ray driven plasma instabilities Space Sci. Rev. 178 201
169. Patnaude D J and Fesen R A 2009 Proper motions and brightness variations of nonthermal x-ray filaments in the cassiopeia A supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 697 535
170. Butt Y M, Porter T A, Katz B and Waxman E 2008 X-ray hotspot flares and implications for cosmic ray acceleration and magnetic field amplification in supernova remnants Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 386 L20
171. Bykov A M, Uvarov Y A and Ellison D C 2008 Dots, clumps, and filaments: the intermittent images of synchrotron emission in random magnetic fields of Young supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 698 L133
172. Aharonian F A 2013 Gamma rays from supernova remnants Astron. Phys. 43 71
173. Gabici S and Aharonian F A 2014 Hadronic gamma-rays from RX J1713.7-3946? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 445 L70
174. Abdo A A et al 2010 Fermi-lat discovery of GeV gamma-ray emission from the Young supernova remnant cassiopeia A Astrophys. J. 710 L92
175. Marcowith A and Casse F 2010 Postshock turbulence and diffusive shock acceleration in young supernova remnants Astron. Astrophys. 515 90
176. Shiu-Hang L, Slane P O, Ellison D C, Nagataki S and Patnaude D J 2013 A CR-hydro-NEI model of multi-wavelength emission from the Vela Jr. Supernova remnant Astrophys. J. 676 20
177. Acero F et al 2013 Gamma-ray signatures of cosmic ray acceleration, propagation, and confinement in the era of CTA Astron. Phys. 43 276
178. Uchiyama Y 2011 GeV gamma rays from supernova remnants interacting with molecular clouds arXiv:1104.1197
179. Ohira Y, Murase K and Yamazaki R 2011 Gamma-rays from molecular clouds illuminated by cosmic rays escaping from interacting supernova remnants Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410 1577
180. Uchiyama Y, Blandford R D, Funk S, Tajima H and Tanaka T 2010 Gamma-ray emission from crushed clouds in supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 723 L122
181. Beresnyak A, Jones T W and Lazarian A 2009 Turbulence-induced magnetic fields and structure of cosmic ray modified shocks Astrophys. J. 707 1541
182. Diamond P H and Malkov M A 2007 Dynamics of mesoscale magnetic field in diffusive shock acceleration Astrophys. J. 654 252
183. Giacalone J and Jokipii J R 2007 Magnetic field amplification by shocks in turbulent fluids Astrophys. J. Lett. 663 L41
184. Fraschetti F 2013 Turbulent amplification of a magnetic field driven by the dynamo effect at rippled shocks Astrophys. J. 770 84
185. Amato E 2011 The streaming instability: a review Mem. SAI 82 806
186. Berezinskii V S, Bulanov S V, Dogiel V A and Ptuskin V S 1990 Astrophysics of Cosmic Rays (Amsterdam: North-Holland)
187. Schlickeiser R 2002 Cosmic Ray Astrophysics (Berlin: Springer)
188. Casse F, Lemoine M and Pelletier G 2002 Transport of cosmic rays in chaotic magnetic fields Phys. Rev. D 65 023002
189. Candia J and Roulet E 2004 Diffusion and drift of cosmic rays in highly turbulent magnetic fields J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP10(2004) 007
190. Reville B, O'Sullivan S, Duffy P and Kirk J G 2008 The transport of cosmic rays in self-excited magnetic turbulence Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 386 509
191. Dorfi E A and Drury L O C 1985 A cosmic ray driven instability Int. Cosmic Ray Conf. vol 3 p 121
192. Drury L O C and Downes T P 2012 Turbulent magnetic field amplification driven by cosmic ray pressure gradients Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 427 2308
193. Bell A R 2005 The interaction of cosmic rays and magnetized plasma Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 358 181
194. Malkov M A 1997 Analytic solution for nonlinear shock acceleration in the Bohm limit Astrophys. J. 485 638
195. Marcowith A, Lemoine M and Pelletier G 2006 Turbulence and particle acceleration in collisionless supernovae remnant shocks. II. Cosmic-ray transport Astron. Astrophys. 453 193
196. Amato E and Blasi P 2009 A kinetic approach to cosmic-ray-induced streaming instability at supernova shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 392 1591
197. Riquelme M A and Spitkovsky A 2009 Nonlinear study of Bell's cosmic ray current-driven instability Astrophys. J. 694 626
198. Bykov A M, Osipov S M and Ellison D C 2011 Cosmic ray current driven turbulence in shocks with efficient particle acceleration: the oblique, long-wavelength mode instability Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410 39
199. Niemiec J, Pohl M, Stroman T and Nishikawa K-I 2008 Production of magnetic turbulence by cosmic rays drifting upstream of supernova remnant shocks Astrophys. J. 684 1174
200. Vladimirov A E, Bykov A M and Ellison D C 2009 Spectra of magnetic fluctuations and relativistic particles produced by a nonresonant wave instability in supernova remnant shocks Astrophys. J. Lett. 703 L29
201. Gargaté L et al 2010 The nonlinear saturation of the non-resonant kinetically driven streaming instability Astrophys. J. Lett. 711 L127
202. Rogachevskii I, Kleeorin N, Brandenburg A and Eichler D 2012 Cosmic-ray current-driven turbulence and mean-field dynamo effect Astrophys. J. 753 6
203. Reville B and Bell A. R 2012 A filamentation instability for streaming cosmic rays Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 419 2433
204. Schure K M and Bell A R 2013 Cosmic ray acceleration in young supernova remnants Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435 1174
205. Bai X-N, Caprioli D, Sironi L and Spitkovsky A 2015 Magnetohydrodynamic-particle-in-cell method for coupling cosmic rays with a thermal plasma: application to non-relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. 809 55
206. Vladimirov A E, Bykov A M and Ellison D C 2008 Nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration with magnetic field amplification Astrophys. J. 688 1084
207. Reville B, Kirk J G and Duffy P 2009 Steady-state solutions in nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration Astrophys. J. 694 951
208. Bell A R 2013 Cosmic ray acceleration Astr. Phys. 43 56
209. Birdsall C K and Langdon A B 1991 Plasma Physics via Computer Simulation (Series in Plasma Physics) (Bristol: IOP)
210. Oka M et al 2006 Whistler critical Mach number and electron acceleration at the bow shock: Geotail observation Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 L24104
211. Riquelme M and Spitkovsky A 2011 Electron injection by Whistler waves in non-relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. 733 63
212. Matsumoto Y, Amano T and Hoshino M 2012 Electron accelerations at high Mach number shocks: two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations in various parameter regimes Astrophys. J. 755 109
213. Guo X, Sironi L and Narayan R 2014 Non-thermal electron acceleration in low Mach number collisionless shocks. I. Particle energy spectra and acceleration mechanism Astrophys. J. 794 153
214. Park J, Ren C, Workman J and Blackman E G 2013 Particle-in-cell simulations of particle energization via shock drift acceleration from low Mach number quasi-perpendicular shocks in solar flares Astrophys. J. 765 147
215. Guo X, Sironi L and Narayan R 2014 Non-thermal electron acceleration in low Mach number collisionless shocks. II. Firehose-mediated Fermi acceleration and its dependence on pre-shock conditions Astrophys. J. 797 47
216. Wu C et al 1983 A kinetic cross-field streaming instability Phys. Fluids 26 1259
217. Matsukiyo S and Scholer M 2003 Modified two-stream instability in the foot of high Mach number quasi-perpendicular shocks J. Geophys. Res. 108 1459
218. Matsukiyo S and Scholer M 2006 On microinstabilities in the foot of high Mach number perpendicular shocks J. Geophys. Res. 111 6104
219. Caprioli D and Spitkovsky A 2014 Simulations of ion acceleration at non-relativistic shocks: II. Magnetic field amplification and particle diffusion Astrophys. J. 749 46
220. Masters A et al 2013 Nat. Phys. 9 164
221. Levinson A 1992 Electron injection in collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 401 73
222. Levinson A 1994 Electron injection and acceleration at nonlinear shocks: results of numerical simulations Astrophys. J. 426 327
223. Niemiec J, Pohl M, Bret A and Wieland V 2012 Nonrelativistic parallel shocks in unmagnetized and weakly magnetized plasmas Astrophys. J. 759 73
224. Gargate L and Spitkovsky A 2012 Ion acceleration in non-relativistic astrophysical shocks Astrophys. J. 744 67
225. Guo F and Giacalone J 2013 The acceleration of thermal protons at parallel collisionless shocks: three-dimensional hybrid simulations Astrophys. J. 773 158
226. Kato T N 2015 Particle acceleration and wave excitation in quasi-parallel high-Mach-number collisionless shocks: particle-in-cell simulation Astrophys. J. 802 115
227. Park J, Caprioli D and Spitkovsky A 2015 Simultaneous acceleration of protons and electrons at nonrelativistic quasiparallel collisionless shocks Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 5003
228. Zachary A L and Cohen B I 1986 An orbit-averaged DARWIN quasi-neutral hybrid code J. Comput. Phys. 66 469
229. Zachary A L, Cohen B I, Max C E and Arons J 1989 The long-time evolution of a low-density ion beam J. Geophys. Res. 94 2443
230. Zachary A L 1987 Resonant Alfven wave instabilities driven by streaming fast particles PhD Thesis Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, Ca
231. Ohira Y, Reville B, Kirk J G and Takahara F 2009 Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations of the nonresonant, cosmic-ray-driven instability in supernova remnant shocks Astrophys. J. 698 445
232. Bell A R, Schure K M, Reville B and Giacinti G 2013 Cosmic-ray acceleration and escape from supernova remnants Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 431 415
233. Caprioli D and Spitkovsky A 2013 Cosmic-ray-induced filamentation instability in collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 765 L20
234. Kleeorin N, Mond M and Rogachevskii I 1993 Magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in developed small-scale turbulence Phys. Fluids. B 5 4128
235. Kemel K, Brandenburg A, Kleeorin N and Rogachevskii I 2012 Properties of the negative effective magnetic pressure instability Astron. Nachr. 333 95
236. Bell A R 2006 Fast electron transport in laser-produced plasmas and the KALOS code for solution of the Vlasov Fokker Planck equation Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 48 37
237. Reville B and Bell A R 2013 Universal behaviour of shock precursors in the presence of efficient cosmic ray acceleration Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430 2873
238. Bell A R, Schure K M and Reville B 2011 Cosmic ray acceleration at oblique shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 1208
239. Kirk J G, Duffy P and Gallant Y A 1996 Stochastic particle acceleration at shocks in the presence of braided magnetic fields Astron. Astrophys. 314 1010
240. Eichler D 1984 On the theory of cosmic-ray-mediated shocks with variable compression ratio Astrophys. J. 277 429
241. Blasi P 2002 A semi-analytical approach to non-linear shock acceleration Astron. Phys. 16 429
242. Caprioli D, Blasi P, Amato E and Vietri M 2009 Dynamical feedback of self-generated magnetic fields in cosmic ray modified shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395 895
243. Caprioli D, Blasi P and Amato E 2009 On the escape of particles from cosmic ray modified shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 396 2065
244. Bykov A M, Ellison D C, Osipov S M and Vladimirov A E 2014 Magnetic field amplification in nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration including resonant and non-resonant cosmic-ray driven instabilities Astrophys. J. 789 137
245. Ellison D C, Warren D C and Bykov A M 2013 Monte Carlo simulations of nonlinear particle acceleration in parallel trans-relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. 776 17
246. Bykov A M et al 2011 X-ray stripes in Tycho's supernova remnant: synchrotron footprints of a nonlinear cosmic-ray-driven instability Astrophys. J. Lett. 735 40
247. Laming J M 2015 Wave propagation at oblique shocks: How did Tycho get its stripes? Astrophys. J. 805 102
248. Bykov A M et al 2009 A model of polarized x-ray emission from twinkling synchrotron supernova shells Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 399 1119
249. Stroman W and Pohl M 2009 Radio polarimetry signatures of strong magnetic turbulence in supernova remnants Astrophys. J. 696 1864
250. Bykov A M, Pavlov G G, Artemyev A V and Uvarov Yu A 2012 Twinkling pulsar wind nebulae in the synchrotron cut-off regime and the gamma-ray flares in the Crab Nebula Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 421 L67
251. Drury L O 2001 Test of galactic cosmic-ray source models - working group report Space Sci. Rev. 99 329
252. Morlino G and Caprioli D 2012 Strong evidence for hadron acceleration in Tycho's supernova remnant Astron. Astrophys. 538 81
253. Ptuskin V N and Zirakashvilli V S 2003 Limits on diffusive shock acceleration in supernova remnants in the presence of cosmic-ray streaming instability and wave dissipation Astron. Astrophys. 403 1
254. Marcowith A, Renaud M, Dwarkadas V and Tatischeff V 2014 Cosmic-ray acceleration and gamma-ray signals from radio supernovae Nucl. Phys. B 256 94
255. Fuhrmann D et al 2013 KASCADE-Grande measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays ICRC 2013 arXiv:1308.2098
256. Cristofari P et al 2013 Acceleration of cosmic rays and gamma-ray emission from supernova remnants in the Galaxy Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 434 2748
257. Blasi P 2014 Recent developments in cosmic ray physics Nucl. Phys. B 256 36
258. Rees M J and Meszaros P 1992 Relativistic fireballs - energy conversion and time-scales Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 258 41
259. Paczynski B and Rhoads J E 1993 Radio Transients from gamma-ray bursters Astrophys. J. Lett. 418 L5
260. Katz J I 1994 Low-frequency spectra of gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. J. Lett. 432 L107
261. Meszaros P and Rees M J 1997 Optical and long-wavelength afterglow from gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. J. 476 232
262. Waxman E 1997 Gamma-ray-burst afterglow: supporting the cosmological fireball model, constraining parameters, and making predictions Astrophys. J. Lett. 485 L5
263. Sari R and Piran T 1997 Variability in gamma-ray bursts: a clue Astrophys. J. 485 270
264. Vietri M 1997 The soft x-ray afterglow of gamma-ray bursts, a stringent test for the fireball model Astrophys. J. Lett. 478 L9
265. Piran T 2004 The physics of gamma-ray bursts Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 1143
266. Panaitescu A and Kumar P 2000 Analytic light curves of gamma-ray burst afterglows: homogeneous versus wind external media Astrophys. J. 543 66
267. Barniol Duran R and Kumar P 2011 Implications of electron acceleration for high-energy radiation from gamma-ray bursts Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 412 522
268. Sagi E and Nakar E 2012 On particle acceleration rate in gamma-ray burst afterglows Astrophys. J. 749 80
269. Ignace R, Cassinelli J P and Bjorkman J E 1998 'WCFields': a magnetic rotating stellar wind model from wind compression theory Astrophys. J. 505 910
270. Lemoine M and Pelletier G 2011 Gamma-ray bursts afterglows in magnetized stellar winds Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 64
271. Wijers R A M J and Galama T J 1999 Physical parameters of GRB 970508 and GRB 971214 from Their afterglow synchrotron emission Astrophys. J. 523 177
272. Panaitescu A and Kumar P 2001 Jet energy and other parameters for the afterglows of GRB 980703, GRB 990123, GRB 990510, and GRB 991216 determined from modeling of multifrequency data Astrophys. J. 554 667
273. Panaitescu A and Kumar P 2002 Properties of relativistic jets in gamma-ray burst afterglows Astrophys. J. 571 779
274. Kumar P and Barniol Duran R 2009 On the generation of high-energy photons detected by the Fermi Satellite from gamma-ray bursts Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 400 L75
275. Kumar P and Barniol Duran R 2010 External forward shock origin of high-energy emission for three gamma-ray bursts detected by Fermi Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 409 226
276. Barniol Duran R and Kumar P 2011 Evidence for mild deviation from power-law distribution of electrons in relativistic shocks: GRB 090902B Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 417 1584
277. He H-N et al 2011 On the high-energy emission of the short GRB 090510 Astrophys. J. 733 22
278. Liu R-Y and Wang X-Y 2011 Modeling the broadband emission of GRB 090902B Astrophys. J. 730 1
279. Lemoine M 2013 Synchrotron signature of a relativistic blast wave with decaying micro turbulence Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 428 845
280. Lemoine M, Li Z and Wang X-Y 2013 On the magnetization of gamma-ray burst blast waves Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 435 3009
281. Gruzinov A and Waxman E 1999 Gamma-ray burst afterglow: polarization and analytic light curves Astrophys. J. 511 852
282. Chang P, Spitkovsky A and Arons J 2008 Long-term evolution of magnetic turbulence in relativistic collisionless shocks: electron-positron plasmas Astrophys. J. 674 378
283. Keshet U, Katz B, Spitkovsky A and Waxman E 2009 Magnetic field evolution in relativistic unmagnetized collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 693 L127
284. Medvedev M V, Trier Frederiksen J, Haugbølle T and Nordlund A A 2011 Radiation signatures of sub-larmor scale magnetic fields Astrophys. J. 737 55
285. Sironi L and Goodman J 2007 Production of magnetic energy by macroscopic turbulence in GRB afterglows Astrophys. J. 671 1858
286. Inoue T, Asano K and Ioka K 2011 Three-dimensional simulations of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence behind relativistic shock waves and Their implications for gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. J. 734 77
287. Levinson A 2009 Convective instability of a relativistic ejecta decelerated by a surrounding medium: an origin of magnetic fields in gamma-ray bursts? Astrophys. J. 705 L213
288. Meliani Z and Keppens R 2010 Dynamics and stability of relativistic gamma-ray-bursts blast waves Astron. and Astrophys. 520 L3
289. Soderberg A M et al 2010 A relativistic type Ibc supernova without a detected γ-ray burst Nature 463 513
290. Chakraborti S et al 2011 Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray acceleration in engine-driven relativistic supernovae Nat. Commun. 2 175
291. Barniol Duran R, Nakar E and Piran T 2013 Radius constraints and minimal equipartition energy of relativistically moving synchrotron sources Astrophys. J. 772 78
292. Silva L O et al 2003 Interpenetrating plasma shells: near-equipartition magnetic field generation and nonthermal particle acceleration Astrophys. J. 596 L121
293. Spitkovsky A 2008 Particle acceleration in relativistic collisionless shocks: Fermi process at last? Astrophys. J. 682 L5
294. Bret A et al 2008 Exact relativistic kinetic theory of an electron-beam-plasma system: hierarchy of the competing modes in the system-parameter space Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 205008
295. Bret A et al 2013 Collisionless shock formation, spontaneous electromagnetic fluctuations and streaming instabilities Phys. Plasmas 20 042102
296. Bret A, Stockem A, Narayan R and Silva L O 2014 Collisionless Weibel shocks: full formation mechanism and timing Phys. Plasmas 21 072301
297. Godfrey B B, Shanahan W R and Thode L E 1975 Linear theory of a cold relativistic beam propagating along an external magnetic field Phys. Fluids 18 346
298. Bret A 2009 Weibel, two-stream, filamentation, oblique, Bell, Buneman... which one grows faster? Astrophys. J. 699 990
299. Timofeev I V, Lotov K V and Terekhov A V 2009 Direct computation of the growth rate for the instability of a warm relativistic electron beam in a cold magnetized plasma Phys. Plasmas 16 063101
300. Yalinewich A and Gedalin M 2010 Instabilities of relativistic counter streaming proton beams in the presence of a thermal electron background Phys. Plasmas 17 062101
301. Shaisultanov R, Lyubarsky Y and Eichler D 2012 Stream instabilities in relativistically hot plasma Astrophys. J. 744 182
302. Lyubarsky Y 2006 Electron-ion coupling upstream of relativistic collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 652 1297
303. Rabinak I, Katz B and Waxman E 2011 Long-wavelength unstable modes in the far upstream of relativistic collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 736 157
304. Lemoine M and Pelletier G 2010 On electromagnetic instabilities at ultra-relativistic shock waves Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 402 321
305. Achterberg A, Gallant Y, Kirk J G and Guthmann A W 2001 Particle acceleration by ultrarelativistic shocks: theory and simulations Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 328 393
306. Pelletier G, Lemoine M and Marcowith A 2009 On Fermi acceleration and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities at ultra-relativistic magnetized shock waves Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 393 587
307. Plotnikov I, Pelletier G and Lemoine M 2013 Particle transport and heating in the microturbulent precursor of relativistic shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 430 1280
308. Plotnikov I, Pelletier G and Lemoine M 2011 Particle transport in intense small-scale magnetic turbulence with a mean field Astron. Astrophys. 532 68
309. Sironi L, Spitkovsky A and Arons J 2013 The maximum energy of accelerated particles in relativistic collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. 771 54
310. Strockem A, Fiúza F, Fonseca R A and Silva L O 2012 Acceleration in perpendicular relativistic shocks for plasmas consisting of Leptons and Hadrons Astrophys. J. 755 68
311. Langmuir I 1929 The interaction of electron and positive ion space charges in cathode sheaths Phys. Rev. 33 954
312. Raadu M A and Rasmussen J J 1988 Dynamical aspects of electrostatic double-layers Astrophys. Space Sci. 144 43
313. Sack C and Schamel H 1987 Plasma expansion into vacuum - a hydrodynamic approach Phys. Rep. 156 311
314. Forslund D W and Shonk C R 1970 Formation and structure of electrostatic collisionless shocks Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 1699
315. Forslund D W and Freidberg J P 1971 Theory of Laminar collisionless shocks Phys. Rev. Lett. 27 1189
316. Taylor R J, Baker D R and Ikezi H 1970 Observation of collisionless electrostatic shocks Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 206
317. Romagnani L et al 2008 Observation of collisionless shocks in laser-plasma experiments Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 025004
318. Morita T et al 2010 Collisionless shock generation in high-speed counterstreaming plasma flows by a high-power laser Phys. Plasmas 17 122702
319. Mozer F S et al 1977 Observations of paired electrostatic shocks in the polar magnetosphere Phys. Rev. Lett. 38 292
320. Karimabadi H, Omidi N and Quest K B 1991 2-dimensional simulations of the ion-ion acoustic instability and electrostatic shocks Geophys. Res. Lett. 18 1813
321. Chen M et al 2007 Collisionless electrostatic shock generation and ion acceleration by ultraintense laser pulses in overdense plasmas Phys. Plasmas 14 053102
322. Kato T N and Takabe H 2010 Electrostatic and electromagnetic instabilities associated with electrostatic shocks: two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation Phys. Plasmas 17 032114
323. Sarri G, Dieckmann M E, Kourakis I and Borghesi M 2011 Generation of a purely electrostatic collisionless shock during the expansion of a dense plasma through a rarefied medium Phys. Rev. Lett. 107 025003
324. Gohda T, Ishiguro S, Iizuka S and Sato N 2004 Electrostatic shocks excited by velocity modulation of an ion beam in a plasma Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 045002
325. Dieckmann M E, Shukla P K and Eliasson B 2006 Particle-in-cell simulations of plasma slabs colliding at a mildly relativistic speed New J. Phys. 8 225
326. Sorasio G, Marti M, Fonseca R and Silva L O 2006 Very high Mach-number electrostatic shocks in collisionless plasmas Phys. Rev. Lett. 96 045005
327. Dieckmann M E and Bret A 2009 Particle-in-cell simulation of a strong double layer in a nonrelativistic plasma flow: electron acceleration to ultrarelativistic speeds Astrophys. J. 694 154
328. Forslund D W and Shonk C R 1970 Numerical simulation of electrostatic counterstreaming instabilities in ion beams Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 281
329. Stockem A, Fiuza F, Bret A, Fonseca R A and Silva L O 2014 Exploring the nature of collisionless shocks under laboratory conditions Nat. Sci. Rep. 4 3934
330. Thaury C, Mora P, Heron A and Adam J C 2010 Self-generation of megagauss magnetic fields during the expansion of a plasma Phys. Rev. E 82 016408
331. Quinn K et al Weibel-induced filamentation during an ultrafast laser-driven plasma expansion Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 135001
332. Kazimura Y et al 1998 Phys. Soc. Japan 67 1079
333. Frederiksen J T, Hededal C B, Haugbolle T and Nordlund A 2004 Magnetic field generation in collisionless shocks: Pattern growth and transport Astrophys. J. 608 L13
334. Dieckmann M E, Bret A and Shukla P K 2008 Electron surfing acceleration by mildly relativistic beams: wave magnetic field effects New J. Phys. 10 013029
335. Hededal C B and Nishikawa K-I 2005 The influence of an ambient magnetic field on relativistic collisionless plasma shocks Astrophys. J. 623 L89
336. Smolsky M V and Usov V V 1996 Relativistic beam-magnetic Barrier collision and nonthermal radiation of cosmological γ-ray bursters Astrophys. J. 461 858
337. Shikii K and Toida M 2010 Multidimensional effects on relativistic electrons in an oblique shock wave Phys. Plasmas 17 082316
338. Dieckmann M E, Murphy G C, Meli A and Drury L O'C 2010 Particle-in-cell simulation of a mildly relativistic collision of an electron-ion plasma carrying a quasi-parallel magnetic field Electron acceleration and magnetic field amplification at supernova shocks Astron. Astrophys. 509 A89
339. Murphy G C, Dieckmann M E and Drury L O' C 2010 Magnetic vortex growth in the transition layer of a mildly relativistic plasma shock Phys. Plasmas 17 110701
340. Mann G, Luhr H and Baumjohann W 1994 Statistical analysis of short large-amplitude magnetic-field structures in the vicinity of the quasi-parallel bow shock J. Geophys. Res. 99 13315
341. Krasovsky V L 2010 Trapped particle effect on the velocity of circularly polarized electromagnetic waves in an isotropic plasma Phys. Lett. 374 1751
342. Trakhtengerts A 1966 Theory for Type 1 solar radio bursts Sov. Astron. 10 281
343. Lembège B and Dawson J M 1989 Relativistic particle dynamics in a steepening magnetosonic wave Phys. Fluids B 1 1001
344. Bessho N and Ohsawa Y 1999 Electron acceleration to ultrarelativistic energies in a collisionless oblique shock wave Phys. Plasmas 6 3076
345. Gallant Y A et al 1992 Relativistic, perpendicular shocks in electron-positron plasmas Astrophys. J. 391 73
346. Wilson A S 1972 The structure of the Crab Nebula at 2.7 and 5 GHz - I. The observations Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 157 229
347. Schmidt G D, Angel J R P and Beaver E A 1979 The small-scale polarization of the Crab Nebula Astrophys. J. 227 106
348. Gabuzda D C, Murray É and Cronin P 2004 Helical magnetic fields associated with the relativistic jets of four BL Lac objects Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 351 L89
349. Bucciantini N, Arons J and Amato E 2011 Modeling the spectral evolution of PWNe inside SNRs Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 410 381
350. Kino M, Kawakatu N and Takahara F 2012 Calorimetry of active galactic nucleus jets: testing plasma composition in Cygnus A Astrophys. J. 751 101
351. Sironi L and Spitkovsky A 2011 Acceleration of particles at the termination shock of a relativistic striped wind Astrophys. J. 741 39
352. Langdon A B, Arons J and Max C E 1988 Structure of relativistic magnetosonic shocks in electron-positron plasmas Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 779
353. Blasi P and Amato E 2011 High-Energy Emission from Pulsars and Their Systems, Astrophysics and Space Science Proc. (Berlin: Springer) p 624
354. Hoshino M, Arons J, Gallant Y A and Langdon A B 1992 Relativistic magnetosonic shock waves in synchrotron sources - Shock structure and nonthermal acceleration of positron Astrophys. J. 390 454
355. Amato E and Arons J 2006 Heating and nonthermal particle acceleration in relativistic, transverse magnetosonic shock waves in proton-electron-positron plasmas Astrophys. J. 653 325
356. Hasegawa H and Ohsawa Y 2005 Positron acceleration to ultrarelativistic energies by an oblique magnetosonic shock wave in an electron-positron-ion plasma Phys. Plasmas 12 012312
357. Hoshino M and Arons J 1991 Preferential positron heating and acceleration by synchrotron maser instabilities in relativistic positron-electron-proton plasmas Phys. Fluids B 3 818
358. Treumann R A, Nakamura R and Baumjohann W A 2011 Model of so-called 'Zebra' emissions in solar flare radio burst continua Ann. Geophys. 29 1673
359. Kirk J G and Reville B 2010 Radiative signatures of relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. 710 L16
360. Bogovalov S V 1999 On the physics of cold MHD winds from oblique rotators Astron. Astrophys. 349 1017
361. Bietenholz M F et al 1997 The radio spectral index of the crab nebula Astrophys. J. 490 291
362. Sironi L and Spitkovsky A 2009 Synthetic spectra from particle-in-cell simulations of relativistic collisionless shocks Astrophys. J. Lett. 707 92
363. Reville B and Kirk J G 2010 Computation of synthetic spectra from simulations of relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. 724 1283
364. Wang X-Y, Liu R-Y and Lemoine M 2013 On the origin of 10 GeV photons in gamma-ray burst afterglows Astrophys. J. 771 L13
365. Lemoine M 2015 Nonlinear collisionless damping of Weibel turbulence in relativistic blast waves J. Plasmas Phys. 81 4501
366. Rossi E and Rees M J 2003 Gamma-ray burst afterglow emission with a decaying magnetic field Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 339 881
367. Derishev E V 2007 Synchrotron emission in the fast cooling regime: Which spectra can be explained? Astrophys. Space Sci. 309 157
368. Sironi L and Spitkovsky A 2014 Relativistic reconnection: an efficient source of non-thermal particles Astrophys. J. Lett. 783 L21
369. Mori K et al 2004 Spatial variation of the x-ray spectrum of the crab nebula Astrophys. J. 609 186
370. Arons J 2007 Pulsars: progress, problems and prospects arXiv/astro-ph:0708.1050
371. Casse F, Marcowith A and Keppens R 2013 Non-resonant magnetohydrodynamics streaming instability near magnetized relativistic shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 433 940
372. Mizuno Y et al 2014 Magnetic field amplification and saturation in turbulence behind a relativistic shock Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439 3490
373. Takamoto M, Inoue T and Inutsuka S-I 2012 Enhanced dissipation rate of magnetic field in striped pulsar winds by the effect of turbulence Astrophys. J. 755 76
374. Abbasi R U, HiRes Collaboration et al 2008 First observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin suppression Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 101101
375. Abraham J et al 2008 Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above eV Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 061101
376. Sagawa H 2011 Recent results from the telescope array experiment Am. Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 1367 17
377. Greisen K 1966 End to the cosmic-ray spectrum? Phys. Rev. Lett. 16 748
378. Zatsepin G T and Kuz'min V A 1966 Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays Sov. J. Exp. Theo. Phys. Lett. 4 78
379. Abreu P, Pierre Auger collaboration et al 2010 Update on the correlation of the highest energy cosmic rays with nearby extragalactic matter Astron. Phys. 34 314
380. Abraham J et al 2010 Measurement of the depth of maximum of extensive air showers above 1018 eV Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 091101
381. Abbasi R U et al 2010 Indications of proton-dominated cosmic-ray composition above 1.6 EeV Phys. Rev. Lett. 104 161101
382. Lemoine M and Sigl G 2001 Physics and Astrophysics of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays (Lecture Notes in Physics vol 576) (Berlin: Springer)
383. Kotera K and Olinto A 2011 The astrophysics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 49 119
384. Norman C A, Melrose D B and Achterberg A 1995 The origin of cosmic rays above 1018.5 eV Astrophys. J. 454 60
385. Henri G, Pelletier G, Petrucci P O and Renaud N 1999 Active galactic nuclei as high energy engines Astr. Phys. 11 347
386. Pelletier G 2001 Fermi Acceleration of Astroparticles (Lecture Notes in Physics vol 576) (Berlin: Springer) 78
387. Lemoine M 2013 Acceleration and propagation of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays J. Phys.: Conf. Series 409 012007
388. Hillas A M 1984 The origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22 425
389. Gunn J E and Ostriker J P 1969 Acceleration of high-energy cosmic rays by pulsars Phys. Rev. Lett. 22 728
390. Venkatesan A, Miller M C and Olinto A V 1997 Constraints on the production of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays by isolated neutron stars Astrophys. J. 484 323
391. Lemoine M, Kotera K and Pétri J 2014 On ultra-high energy cosmic ray acceleration at the termination shock of young pulsar winds J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP07(2014) 16
392. Blasi P, Epstein R I and Olinto A V 2000 Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from young neutron star winds Astrophys. J. Lett. 533 L123
393. Rudak B 2001 Rotation Powered Pulsars as Sources of High-Energy Particles (Lecture Notes in Physics vol 576) (Berlin: Springer)
394. Arons J 2003 Magnetars in the metagalaxy: an origin for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in the nearby universe Astrophys. J. 589 871
395. Fang K, Kotera K and Olinto A V 2012 Newly born pulsars as sources of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays Astrophys. J. 750 118
396. Milgrom M and Usov V V 1995 Possible association of ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray events with strong gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. J. 449 L37
397. Milgrom M and Usov V V 1996 Gamma-ray bursters as sources of cosmic rays Astron. Phys. 4 365
398. Vietri M 1995 The acceleration of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. J. 453 483
399. Waxman E 1995 Cosmological gamma-ray bursts and the highest energy cosmic rays Phys. Rev. Lett. 75 386
400. Dermer C D and Humi M 2001 Adiabatic losses and stochastic particle acceleration in gamma-ray burst blast waves Astrophys. J. 556 479
401. Dermer C D 2002 Neutrino, neutron, and cosmic-ray production in the external shock model of gamma-ray bursts Astrophys. J. 574 65
402. Gialis D and Pelletier G 2003 Cosmic rays and neutrinos from GRBs: predictions versus acceleration modeling Astron. Phys. 20 323
403. Gialis D and Pelletier G 2004 Which acceleration process for ultra high energy cosmic rays in gamma ray bursts? Astron. Astrophys. 425 395
404. Rieger F M and Duffy P 2005 Particle acceleration in gamma-ray burst jets Astrophys. J. Lett. 632 L21
405. Dermer C D and Razzaque S 2010 Acceleration of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in the colliding shells of blazars and gamma-ray bursts: constraints from the Fermi gamma-ray space telescope Astrophys. J. 724 1366
406. Murase K, Dermer C D, Takami H and Migliori G 2012 Blazars as ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray sources: implications for TeV gamma-ray observations Astrophys. J. 749 63
407. Takahara F 1990 On the origin of highest energy cosmic rays Prog. Theor. Phys. 83 1071
408. Rachen J P and Biermann P L 1993 Extragalactic ultra-high energy cosmic-rays - part one - contribution from hot spots in Fr-II radio galaxies Astron. Astrophys. 272 161
409. Ostrowski M 2002 Mechanisms and sites of ultra high energy cosmic ray origin Astron. Phys. 18 229
410. Casse F and Marcowith A 2005 Astroparticle yield and transport from extragalactic jet terminal shocks Astron. Phys. 23 31
411. Ostrowski M and Siemieniec-Ozieblo G 2002 Cosmic ray acceleration at supergalactic accretion shocks: a new upper energy limit due to a finite shock extension Astron. Astrophys. 386 829
412. Inoue S, Sigl G, Miniati F and Armengaud E 2007 Ultrahigh energy cosmic rays as heavy nuclei from cluster accretion shocks arXiv:0701167
413. Waxman E 2005 Extra galactic sources of high energy neutrinos Phys. Scr. T 121 147
414. Lyutikov M and Ouyed R 2007 Inductive acceleration of UHECRs in sheared relativistic jets Astron. Phys. 27 473
415. Lemoine M and Waxman E 2009 Anisotropy versus chemical composition at ultra-high energies J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP11(2009) 09
416. Katz B, Budnik R and Waxman E 2009 The energy production rate and the generation spectrum of UHECRs J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. JCAP3(2009) 20
417. Bykov A et al 2012 Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Outflows Space Sci. Rev. 173 309
418. Reville B and Bell A R 2014 On the maximum energy of shock-accelerated cosmic rays at ultra-relativistic shocks Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 439 2050
419. Bednarz J and Ostrowski M 1998 Energy spectra of cosmic rays accelerated at ultrarelativistic shock waves Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 3911
420. Kirk J G, Guthmann A W, Gallant Y A and Achterberg A 2000 Particle Acceleration at Ultrarelativistic Shocks: An Eigenfunction Method Astrophys. J. 542 235
421. Lemoine M and Pelletier G 2003 Particle transport in tangled magnetic fields and Fermi acceleration at relativistic shocks Astrophys. J. Lett. 589 L73
422. Keshet U and Waxman E 2005 Energy spectrum of particles accelerated in relativistic collisionless shocks Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 111102
423. Kirk J G, Lyubarski Y and Pétri J 2009 The theory of pulsar winds and nebulae Astrophys. Space Sci. Lib. 357 421
424. Waxman E 2001 High-Energy Particles from γ-Ray Bursts (Lecture Notes in Physics vol 576) (Berlin: Springer) p 122
425. Dermer C D, Razzaque S, Finke J D and Atoyan A 2009 Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from black hole jets of radio galaxies New J. Phys. 6 065016
426. Wang X-Y, Razzaque S, Mészáros P and Dai Z-G 2007 High-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos from semi-relativistic hypernovae Phys. Rev. D 76 083009
427. Budnik R, Katz B, MacFadyen A and Waxman E 2008 Cosmic rays from trans-relativistic supernovae Astrophys. J. 673 928
428. Liu R-Y, Wang X-Y and Dai Z-G 2011 Nearby low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts as the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays revisited Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 418 1382
429. Liu R-Y and Wang X-Y 2012 Energy spectrum and chemical composition of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays from semi-relativistic hypernovae Astrophys. J. 746 40
430. Lemoine M and Pelletier G 2012 Particle acceleration at relativistic shock waves AIP Conference Series vol 1439 ed P-L Sulem and M Mond (New York: AIP) p 194
431. Podgorny I M and Sagdeev R Z 1970 Reviews of topical problems: physics of interplanetary plasma and laboratory experiments Sov. Phys. - Usp. 12 445
432. Remington B A, Drake R P, Takabe H and Arnett D 2000 A review of astrophysics experiments on intense lasers Phys. Plasmas 7 1641
433. Lebedev S V et al 2002 Laboratory astrophysics and collimated stellar outflows: the production of radiatively cooled hypersonic plasma jets Astrophys. J. 564 113
434. Zakharov Y P et al 2009 Laser-plasma simulations of artificial magnetosphere formed by giant coronal mass ejections Astrophys. Space Sci. 322 151
435. Savin D W et al 2012 The impact of recent advances in laboratory astrophysics on our understanding of the cosmos Rep. Prog. Phys. 75 036901
436. Zweibel E G and Yamada M 2009 Magnetic reconnection in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47 291
437. Suzuki-Vidal F et al 2012 Interaction of a supersonic, radiatively cooled plasma jet with an ambient medium Phys. Plasmas 19 022708
438. Reipurth B and Bally J 2001 Herbig-Haro flows: probes of early stellar evolution Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 39 403
439. Zel'dovich Y B and Raizer Y P 1967 Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (New York: Academic)
440. Ryutov D et al 1999 Similarity criteria for the laboratory simulation of supernova hydrodynamics Astrophys. J. 518 821
441. Cross J E, Reville B and Gregori G 2014 Scaling of magneto-quantum-radiative hydrodynamic equations: from laser-produced plasmas to astrophysics Astrophys. J. 795 59
442. Kane J et al 1997 Supernova-relevant hydrodynamic instability experiments on the nova laser Astrophys. J. 478 L75
443. Eselevich V G 1982 Shock-wave structure in collisionless plasmas from results of laboratory experiments Space Sci. Rev. 32 65
444. Drake R P 2000 The design of laboratory experiments to produce collisionless shocks of cosmic relevance Phys. Plasmas 7 4690
445. Schaeffer D B et al 2012 Generation of magnetized collisionless shocks by a novel laser-driven magnetic piston Phys. Plasmas 19 070702
446. Merritt E C et al 2013 Experimental characterization of the stagnation layer between two obliquely merging supersonic plasma jets Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 085003
447. Antonov V M et al 1985 A study of the collisionless interaction of interpenetrating super-Alfvén plasma flows J. Appl. Mech. Tech. Phys. 26 757
448. Bell A R et al 1988 Collisionless shock in a laser-produced ablating plasma Phys. Rev. A 38 1363
449. Ahmed H et al 2013 Time-resolved characterization of the formation of a collisionless shock Phys. Rev. Lett. 110 205001
450. Kuramitsu Y et al 2012 Laboratory investigations on the origins of cosmic rays Plasm. Phys. Control. Fusion 54 124049
451. Borghesi M et al 2001 Proton imaging: a diagnostic for inertial confinement fusion/fast ignitor studies Plasm. Phys. Control. Fusion 43 A260000
452. Kugland N L et al 2013 Visualizing electromagnetic fields in laser-produced counter-streaming plasma experiments for collisionless shock laboratory astrophysics Phys. Plasmas 20 056313
453. Gregori G et al 2012 Generation of scaled protogalactic seed magnetic fields in laser-produced shock waves Nature 481 480
454. Niemann C et al 2014 Observation of collisionless shocks in a large current-free laboratory plasma Geo. Res. Lett. 41 7413
455. Reville B, Bell A R and Gregori G 2013 Diffusive shock acceleration at laser-driven shocks: studying cosmic-ray accelerators in the laboratory New J. Phys. 15 015015
456. Woolsey N C et al 2001 Collisionless shock and supernova remnant simulations on VULCAN Phys. Plasmas 8 2439
457. Courtois C et al 2004 Experiment on collisionless plasma interaction with applications to supernova remnant physics Phys. Plasmas 11 3386
458. Park H S et al 2012 Studying astrophysical collisionless shocks with counterstreaming plasmas from high power lasers High Energy Density Phys. 8 38
459. Kugland N L et al 2012 Self-organized electromagnetic field structures in laser-produced counter-streaming plasmas Nat. Phys. 8 809
460. Fox W et al 2013 Filamentation instability of counterstreaming laser-driven plasmas Phys. Rev. Lett. 111 225002
461. Ross J S et al 2012 Characterizing counter-streaming interpenetrating plasmas relevant to astrophysical collisionless shocks Phys. Plasmas 19 056501
462. Huntington C M et al 2015 Observation of magnetic field generation via the Weibel instability in interpenetrating plasma flows Nat. Phys. 11 173-6
463. Sakawa Y et al 2013 High-power laser experiments to study collisionless shock generation Eur. Phys. J. Web Conf. 59 p15001
464. Meinecke J et al 2014 Turbulent amplification of magnetic fields in laboratory laser-produced shock waves Nat. Phys. 10 520
465. Sarri G et al 2013 Generation of a neutral, high-density electron-positron plasma in the laboratory arXiv e-prints arXiv:1312.0211
466. Chen H et al 2015 Scaling the yield of laser-driven electron-positron jets to laboratory astrophysical applications Phys. Rev. Lett. 114 5001
467. Mourou G A et al 2007 Relativistic laser-matter interaction: from attosecond pulse generation to fast ignition Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 49 667
468. Bell A R and Kirk J G 2008 Possibility of prolific pair production with high-power lasers Phys. Rev. Lett. 101 200403
469. Ridgers C P et al 2012 Dense electron-positron plasmas and ultraintense γ rays from laser-irradiated solids Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 165006
|