Инд. авторы:	Литасов К.Д., Шацкий А.Ф.
Заглавие:	Современные представления о составе ядра земли
Библ. ссылка:	Литасов К.Д., Шацкий А.Ф. Современные представления о составе ядра земли // Геология и геофизика. - 2016. - Т.57. - № 1. - С.31-62. - ISSN 0016-7886.
Внешние системы:	DOI: 10.15372/GiG20160103; РИНЦ: 25239688;
Реферат:	rus: Сделан обзор современных представлений о составе и эволюции ядра Земли. На основании сравнения экспериментальных данных о плотности Fe с геофизическими данными показано, что внешнее жидкое ядро имеет однородную структуру и дефицит плотности около 10 %, а внутреннее твердое ядро имеет сильно неоднородную структуру с повышенной анизотропией сейсмических волн и дефицит плотности около 5 %. Оценки температуры на границе ядро-мантия составляют 3800-4200 К, а на границе внутреннего ядра - 5200-5700 К. Главными кандидатами на роль легкого элемента в жидком ядре считаются Si и O. Космохимические оценки показывают, что ядро должно содержать около 2 мас. % S, а экспериментальные данные свидетельствуют, что структура внутреннего ядра согласуется со свойствами Fe-карбидов. Наиболее обоснованной на сегодняшний день является модель ядра Земли с содержаниями (мас. %): Si = 5-6, O = 0.5-1.0, S = 1.8-1.9, C ≈ 2.0, при этом во внутреннем ядре может преобладать карбид Fe 7C 3. Исследование короткоживущих изотопных систем показывает, что ядро сформировалось на ранней стадии развития Земли, предположительно не позднее 30-50 млн лет от начала формирования Солнечной системы, t 0 = 4567.2 ± 0.5 млн лет. Исследование распределения сидерофильных элементов между силикатным расплавом и расплавом Fe позволяет реконструировать процесс формирования ядра в магматическом океане, глубина которого могла достигать 1000-1500 км при температуре 3000-4000 К. В магматическом океане f O2 менялась от 4-5 до 1-2 лог. ед. ниже буфера IW. Однако данные по Mo, W, S согласуются с добавкой последних 10-15 % хондритового вещества позднее, в результате крупного ударного события. Теплофизическое моделирование энергетики ядра согласуется с общим тепловым потоком от границы ядро-мантия 7-17 ТВт. Отвод избыточного тепла осуществляется через две крупные зоны пониженных скоростей в основании суперплюмов. В геологической истории периодичность активности и географическое положение крупных зон пониженных скоростей могли меняться. Процесс отвода тепла от границы ядро-мантия определяется либо чрезмерным накоплением тепла в ядре, либо инициируется погружением холодных субдукционных плит, но, так или иначе, тесно взаимосвязан с геодинамическими процессами на поверхности. Обмен веществом с мантией был значительным на ранней истории Земли, вплоть до существования базального магматического океана. Однако после остывания мантии он составил не более 1-2 % от массы ядра, что, впрочем, достаточно для подпитки термохимических плюмов летучими компонентами. eng: This paper provides the state-of-the-art discussion of major aspects of the composition and evolution of the Earth’s core. A comparison of experimentally derived density of Fe with seismological data shows that the outer liquid core has a homogeneous structure and a ~10% density deficit, whereas the solid inner core has a complex heterogeneous anisotropic structure and a ~5% density deficit. Recent estimates of the core-mantle boundary (CMB) and inner-core boundary temperatures are equal to 3800-4200 K and 5200-5700 K, respectively. Silicon and oxygen (up to 5-7 wt.%) are considered to be the most likely light element candidates in the liquid core. Cosmochemical estimates show that the core must contain about 2 wt.% S, and new experimental data indicate that the inner-core structure yields the best match to the properties of Fe carbides. Our best estimate of the Earth’s core calls for 5-6 wt.% Si, 0.5-1.0 wt.% O, 1.8-1.9 wt.% S, and 2.0 wt.% C, with the Fe 7C 3 carbide being the dominant phase in the inner core. The study of short-lived isotope systems shows that the core could have formed early in the Earth’s history within about 30-50 Myr after the formation of the Solar System, t 0 = 4567.2 ± 0.5 Ma. Studies on the partitioning of siderophile elements between liquid iron and silicate melt suggest that the core material would form in a magma ocean at ~1000-1500 km depths and 3000-4000 K. The oxygen fugacity for the magma ocean is estimated to vary from 4-5 to 1-2 log units below the Iron-Wustite oxygen buffer. However, the data for Mo, W, and S suggest addition of a late veneer of 10-15% of oxidized chondritic material as a result of the Moon-forming giant impact. Thermal and energetics core models agree with the estimate of a mean CMB heat flow of 7-17 TW. The excess heat is transported out of the core via two large low shear velocity zones at the base of superplumes. These zones may not be stable in their positions over geologic time and could move according to cycles of mantle plume and plate tectonics. The CMB heat fluxes are controlled either by high heat production from the core or subduction of cold slabs but in both cases are closely linked with surface geodynamic processes and plate tectonic motions. Considerable amounts of exchange may have occurred between the core and mantle early in the Earth’s history even up to the formation of a basal magma ocean. However, the extent of material exchange across the CMB upon cooling of the mantle was no greater than 1-2% of the core mass, which, however, was sufficient to supply thermochemical plumes with volatiles H, C, and S.
Ключевые слова:	магматический океан; расплав; железо; высокие давления; мантия; ядро; silicates; magma ocean; melt; iron; high pressure; mantle; core; силикаты;
Издано:	2016
Физ. характеристика:	с.31-62
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